Which of the Following Accurately Describes the Problem of Confounding

question 12

Multiple Choice

Which of the following accurately describes the problem of confounding by severity in a drug safety study?

• A) The more severe side effects of drugs cause people to stop taking the drug and the drug appears less harmful than it really is.
• B) When health care providers prescribe one drug more commonly than others for patients with a more severe form of disease, the drug will look more harmful than it really is.
• C) When patients have previously experienced severe side effects from a similar type of drug, they will not be put on a drug, thus making it look less harmful than it really is.
• D) When there are severe side effects from a drug, people over-report them, making a drug look more harmful than it really is.

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Definitions:

Elimination

The process of removing or excluding specific elements, options, or individuals from consideration or a group.

Social Cognitive Theory

A theory that posits individuals learn by observing others, with personal, behavioral, and environmental factors all interacting to influence learning and behavior.

Instrument Theory

A theoretical framework that suggests behaviors are guided by the expected outcomes or rewards associated with particular actions.

Organizational Behavior Modification

The application of reinforcement theory to influence and improve employee behavior within an organizational setting.