In the Context of Estimating the Union Wage Effect, Which

question 4

Multiple Choice

In the context of estimating the union wage effect, which of the following statements concerning "selection bias" is false?

• A) Whenever there is a queue of workers applying for union jobs, employers tend to hire the most productive of them.
• B) Unionized workers might not have identical characteristics to non-unionized workers, insofar as their levels of marginal productivity are concerned.
• C) Workers are hired into union jobs according to a randomized selection process.
• D) Factors that are not observed by the researcher influence the outcome of whether or not the worker is represented by a union.
• E) Workers are hired into union jobs according to a fixed selection process.

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Definitions:

Conjunctiva

A thin, transparent membrane that covers the white part of the eyeball and the inner surfaces of the eyelids.

Choroid

A layer of the eye between the retina and the sclera, rich in blood vessels, that provides oxygen and nutrients to the outer parts of the retina.

Sclera

The white outer layer of the eyeball, providing protection and giving the eye its shape.

Bipolar Cells

Specialized neurons in the retina that play a crucial role in visual processing by connecting photoreceptors to ganglion cells.