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A firm scaled down its operation by reducing all inputs by 50% and experienced a less-than-50% decrease in output. If all input prices remain unchanged, the firm's long-run average cost exhibits
External Costs
External costs are expenses that are not borne by the individuals or organizations responsible but rather by society as a whole, often involving negative environmental impacts.
Efficient Level
The point at which a system operates at maximum capacity without waste, producing optimal output with the lowest input.
Profit-Maximizing
A strategy or process used by firms to determine the output level and pricing that yields the highest possible profit.
Negative Externality
An adverse effect on a third party not directly involved in an economic transaction, often leading to market failure if not properly addressed.
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