Which Theory Says That the Necessities Involved in Managing an Organization

question 22

Multiple Choice

Which theory says that the necessities involved in managing an organization inevitably become concentrated in the hands of a few bureaucrats, who then wield true power in the organization?

• A) Political apathy
• B) Low-information rationality
• C) Elitist theory of democracy
• D) Iron law of oligarchy
• E) Political efficacy

Understand and articulate the concept of leadership as defined in academic literature.

Explain the fundamentals of Hogg's social identity theory and its application in leadership coaching for minorities.

Analyze the debate on whether leaders are born or made, using evidence and theories presented in academic texts.

Recognize the settings in which leadership occurs and identify the complexity of the leadership process.

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Definitions:

Demand Characteristics

These are subtle cues or signals in the environment that influence participants' behaviors or responses in experiments, potentially affecting the validity of the results.

Interaction

The way in which two or more entities act upon each other or communicate, leading to an outcome or effect.

Social Cognitive Approach

A theoretical framework focusing on how people learn by observing others, and how thoughts, beliefs, and environmental factors interact to shape behavior.

Social Interactions

Exchanges between two or more individuals, involving communication, cooperation, or competition, and shaping social relationships.