Which of the Following Is Least Likely to Be a Threat

question 15

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is least likely to be a threat to validity in a single-group before-after design?

• A) Attrition
• B) Maturation
• C) Retesting
• D) Selection

Identify the relationship between z-tests and chi-square tests for binomial proportion comparisons.

Understand the scope of chi-square technique applications, including tests of independence, homogeneity, and goodness-of-fit.

Understand the basic concepts of chi-square tests, including the significance of p-values and critical values.

Calculate degrees of freedom for chi-square tests in various contingency table structures.

---

Definitions:

Sulci

The grooves or furrows on the surface of the brain, involved in dividing the brain into various lobes.

Gyri

The ridges or folds on the surface of the brain, which increase the brain's surface area and are involved in various cognitive processes.

Ventricles

Cavities within the brain filled with cerebrospinal fluid, aiding in cushioning the brain and maintaining intracranial pressure.

Limbic System

A complex system of nerves and networks in the brain, responsible for instinct and mood. It controls the basic emotions and drives.