Whenever a Plaintiff's Cause of Action Is Based, at Least

question 54

Multiple Choice

Whenever a plaintiff's cause of action is based, at least in part, on the U.S. Constitution, a treaty, or a federal law, then a(n) _______question arises, and the federal courts have subject- matter jurisdiction.

• A) stare decisis
• B) legal
• C) federal
• D) appellate

---

Definitions:

Cutthroat Competition

A market situation characterized by aggressive competition, where companies compete intensely, often at the expense of profit margins.

Covert Collusion

An agreement among competitors to limit competition and fix prices or output levels, done secretly to avoid detection by regulatory authorities.

Competitive Spectrum

The range of competition within a market, from monopolies to perfectly competitive markets, affecting pricing, innovation, and consumer choice.

Cartels

Organizations or associations formed by businesses in the same industry to regulate production, prices, and marketing of goods, often to restrict competition.