A Placebo Effect Makes It Difficult to Draw Cause and Effect

question 51

Multiple Choice

A placebo effect makes it difficult to draw cause and effect conclusions because we cannot tell whether

• A) the variables were operationally defined.
• B) random sampling or random assignment is appropriate for the study.
• C) it is the independent variable or the dependent variable that are responsible for the results.
• D) it is the treatment or the participant's expectations that are responsible for the results.
• E) it is the treatment or the researcher's behaviors that are responsible for the results.