Dr Gonzalez Has Just Completed a Correlational Study Where He

question 166

Multiple Choice

Dr. Gonzalez has just completed a correlational study where he found a strong association between parental expectations and children's academic achievement. In other words, children who perform well in school tend to have parents who have high
Expectations of them. However, Dr. Gonzalez can't tell which variable causes the other. It may be that high expectations cause children to perform better, or that children's better performance cause their parents to have higher expectations. This particular problem is known as:

• A) the experimenter expectancy effect.
• B) poor external validity.
• C) the third variable problem.
• D) the bidirectional causality problem.

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Definitions:

Fact Witness

A person who testifies in court about what they observed or experienced directly, providing evidence without interpreting its legal implications.

Credibility

The quality of being trusted and believed in, often important in establishing expertise or reliability in a given field.

Chronic Medical

Pertaining to long-term medical conditions that are persistent or otherwise lasting in their effects on health.