Use the Following Description and Table to Answer the Next

question 6

Multiple Choice

Use the following description and table to answer the next few questions.
A state education department conducted a study of 1000 primary schools to find out how much parental engagement matters for improving academic performance .They measured parental engagement at each school (on a 1-5 scale) , and used regression analysis to examine the effect of engagement on the percent of students meeting state standards in English language arts .To get a better estimate of the true causal effect of engagement, they controlled for poverty and school size (enrollment) because of a concern that these variables may be influencing both parental involvement and academic performance .The results of various specifications using regression analysis are shown below.
Regression analysis of percent of students meeting ELA standards (various specifications)
$$\begin{array} { | l | c | c | c | c | } \hline & \text { Spec 1 } & \text { Spec 2 } & \text { Spec 3 } & \text { Spec } 4 \\\hline \begin{array} { l } \text { Parental engagernent (1-5 } \\\text { scale) }\end{array} & 13.1 8 ^ { * } & 8 . 2 3^ * & 14.18 ^ { * } & 9.14 ^ { * } \\\hline \text { Poverty (\%/ of students) } & & - 0 . 4 9 ^{*} & & - .47 * \\\hline \text { Enrollment (\# of students) } & & & .013^*& .009^* \\\hline\end{array}$$
NOTE: N=1000 primary schools; dependent variable is percentage of students meeting standards in English language arts (ELA) ; * p < .05
-Poverty and school size are presumed common causes that, if omitted from the analysis, result in a biased estimate of the causal effect of parental engagement on the percent of students meeting ELA standards .If this is true, then the best estimate of the true causal effect of parental engagement available in the table is

• A)13.18
• B)8.23
• C)14.23
• D)9.14

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Definitions:

Interactivity

The process of two or more parties or elements engaging with each other, often used in the context of digital technologies to describe user engagement with content or devices.

Project Manager

A professional responsible for planning, executing, and closing projects, overseeing the project's scope, timelines, and resources.

Object Code

The output of a compiler after it translates source code, consisting of machine code ready to be executed by the computer's CPU.

Translates

The process of converting text or speech from one language to another.