Donna Is in a Two-Part Experiment

question 12

Multiple Choice

Donna is in a two-part experiment. She completed a self-esteem measure one week ago and is now taking the same measure again. Which of the following problems may arise from this process?

• A) Systematic error phenomenon
• B) Violation of face validity
• C) Equivalent form effects
• D) Retesting effects

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Definitions:

Attention

The behavioral and cognitive process of selectively concentrating on one aspect of the environment while ignoring other things.

Perception

The cognitive process of interpreting, organizing, and often giving meaning to sensory information.

Bottom-Up Processing

A type of information processing that begins with sensory input and builds up to perception, emphasizing the importance of the sensory data itself in understanding and interpreting a stimulus.

Top-Down Processing

A cognitive process that involves using context or prior knowledge to interpret new information.