Mutations Like Bithorax, Where a Second Pair of Wings Develops

question 13

Essay

Mutations like bithorax, where a second pair of wings develops in the place of halteres, give clues to the evolutionary origin of differentiated structures. What inferences might you draw from bithorax, or antennapedia?

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Definitions:

Average Fixed Cost

The total fixed costs of production divided by the quantity of output produced, typically decreasing as production scale increases.

Average Variable Cost

The total variable costs (costs that change with output level) divided by the quantity of output produced.

AVC

Average Variable Cost; the cost of variable inputs divided by the quantity of output produced.

AFC

Average Fixed Cost, which is the fixed costs of production divided by the quantity of output produced.