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Recall the Application About the Links Between Presidential Elections and Macroeconomic

question 40

Multiple Choice

Recall the Application about the links between presidential elections and macroeconomic performance to answer the following question(s) . Early theories on the links between presidential elections and macroeconomic performance focused on incumbent presidents trying to manipulate the economy in their favor to gain reelection. Subsequent research began to incorporate other factors. The first innovation was recognizing that political parties can have different goals or preferences on how to manipulate the economy. In the United States, Republicans historically have been more concerned about fighting inflation, whereas Democrats have concentrated on reducing unemployment. The second major innovation was recognizing that the public would anticipate that politicians will try to manipulate the economy before an election.
-This Application addresses the idea that politicians use monetary or fiscal policy to stimulate the economy before an election to improve their reelection prospects. This concept is known as a(n)

Definitions:

Negative Reinforcement

A method in operant conditioning where an adverse condition is removed or avoided following a desired behavior, thereby strengthening that behavior.

Punishment

A process by which a consequence immediately follows a behavior, decreasing the likelihood of that behavior's recurrence.

Robert Rescorla

An American psychologist known for his work with Allan Wagner on the Rescorla-Wagner theory of conditioning, which emphasizes the role of cognition in classical conditioning.

Punishment of Application

The imposition of a penalty or negative consequence following an undesired behavior to decrease its likelihood in the future.