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Inflation is costly only if it is unanticipated.
Public Bureaucracies
Government agencies and departments responsible for implementing laws and policies, often characterized by defined procedures and hierarchical structures.
Competitive Market Pressures
The forces exerted by competitors in a market that compel businesses to improve quality, service, and efficiency to maintain or enhance their market position.
Public Goods
Goods that are non-excludable and non-rivalrous, meaning they can be used by everyone and one person's use does not reduce availability to others, such as public parks and national defense.
Fiscal Policy
Changes in government spending and tax collections designed to achieve full employment, price stability, and economic growth; also called discretionary fiscal policy.
Q2: Which of the following is not an
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