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Government can be used to solve externality problems that are too costly for private parties to solve.
Dividends
Distributions of a portion of a company's earnings, decided by the board of directors, to a class of its shareholders.
Treasury Stock
Shares of a company's own stock held by the company itself, often bought back from shareholders and not considered when calculating earnings per share or dividends.
Retained Earnings
The portion of a company's profits that is not distributed to shareholders as dividends but is kept by the company for reinvestment.
Net Income
The final financial gain of a business once taxes and all expenses are subtracted from the overall income.
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