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When the market price is below the equilibrium price, the quantity of the good demanded exceeds the quantity supplied.
Unconditioned Stimulus
In classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally, naturally, and automatically triggers a response without any prior learning.
Unconditioned Response
A natural, automatic reaction to a stimulus that occurs without prior learning or conditioning.
Conditioned Response
A response acquired through learning to a stimulus that was initially neutral, but has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus via conditioning.
Conditioned Stimulus
A previously neutral stimulus that, after being repeatedly associated with an unconditioned stimulus, elicits a conditioned response.
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