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Which of These Is Not a Substantive Procedure

question 9

Multiple Choice

Which of these is not a substantive procedure?


Definitions:

Effort Justification

The phenomenon where people attribute greater value to outcomes they had to put effort into achieving.

Cognitive Dissonance

The mental discomfort experienced by an individual who holds two or more contradictory beliefs, ideas, or values at the same time.

Psychological Discomfort

Describes a state of emotional unease or distress often triggered by stressful situations, conflicts, or challenging thoughts and beliefs.

Painful Religious Ritual

A ceremonial act within some religions that involves enduring pain or discomfort, often seen as a form of spiritual discipline, devotion, or purification.

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