Which of the Following Sources of Bias May Be Problematic

question 29

Multiple Choice

Which of the following sources of bias may be problematic in pretest-posttest designs?

• A) history effects
• B) testing effects
• C) group differences
• D) all of the above

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Definitions:

Data Operation

refers to the processes involved in managing and executing tasks related to the collection, storage, analysis, and dissemination of data in various contexts.

Republican National Committee

A U.S. political committee responsible for directing and managing activities, strategies, and fundraising for the Republican Party.

Electoral Cycle

The recurring process through which elections are organized, campaigns are conducted, and officials are elected or re-elected.

Negative Campaign Messages

Political advertising strategies focused on criticizing an opponent to influence voter perception negatively.