Consider the production of some industrial good that involves air pollution. The table below gives the marginal social cost (MSC) , the marginal cost (MC) , and the marginal social benefit (MSB) for each level of output (Q) . 
To arrive at the efficient market equilibrium the government could impose a tax of
Definitions:
Excess Reserves
The capital reserves held by a bank or financial institution in excess of what is required by regulators, providing a cushion against potential financial instability or liquidity needs.
Banking System
The network of financial institutions that provide banking services, including accepting deposits, providing loans, and managing payment systems.
Fractional Reserve Banking
A banking system where banks hold only a fraction of the deposits as reserves, using the remainder for loans and advances.
Federal Reserve
The central banking system of the United States, which oversees the country's monetary policy, regulates banks, maintains financial stability, and provides financial services to the government.
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