Determine Whether the Following Symbolized Argument Is Valid or Invalid

question 84

Essay

Determine whether the following symbolized argument is valid or invalid. If invalid, provide a counterexample; if valid, construct a deduction.
(E v N) → (X & O)
~X/∴ ~N

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Definitions:

Addictive Substances

Chemical compounds that can lead to physical or psychological dependency.

Dopamine Synapses

Specialized junctions through which neurons signal to each other and to non-neuronal cells, where dopamine is the primary neurotransmitter involved in the transmission of signals.

Alertness

The state of being vigilant and aware, ready to respond to any changes or stimuli in the environment.

Social Desire

The inherent wish to form connections, be accepted, and have interactions with others in society.