Explain the Computation of Expected Values for Contingency Tables in Terms

question 37

Essay

Explain the computation of expected values for contingency tables in terms of probabilities. Refer to the assumptions of the null hypothesis as part of your explanation. You might give a
brief example to illustrate.

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Definitions:

Escape Response

A behavioral reaction aimed at moving away from an unpleasant or harmful stimulus, often considered a basic survival instinct.

Vicarious Reinforcement

A form of learning that occurs by observing the rewards and punishments of another's behavior, leading to changes in the observer's own behavior.

Negative Reinforcement

A process in conditioning where the removal of an unfavorable outcome or stimulus strengthens the behavior that preceded it.

Aversive Event

An unpleasant or harmful event or stimulus that is often used as a deterrent in behavior modification techniques.