The Sample Covariance Can Be Calculated in Any of the Following

question 51

Short Answer

The sample covariance can be calculated in any of the following ways, with the exception of: a. $\frac { 1 } { n - 1 } \sum _ { i = 1 } ^ { n } \left( X _ { i } - \bar { X } \right) \left( Y _ { i } - \bar { Y } \right)$ .
b. $\frac { 1 } { n - 1 } \sum _ { i = 1 } ^ { n } X _ { i } Y _ { i } - \frac { n } { n - 1 } \bar { X } \bar { Y }$ .
c. $\frac { 1 } { n } \sum _ { i = 1 } ^ { n } \left( X _ { i } - \mu _ { X } \right) \left( Y _ { i } - \mu _ { Y } \right)$ .
d. $r _ { X Y } s _ { Y } s _ { Y }$ , where $r _ { X Y }$ is the correlation coefficient.

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Definitions:

Composition Agreement

An arrangement where creditors agree to accept less than the full amount owed to them as full satisfaction of their claims.

Debtor

A person or entity that owes money to another party, usually as a result of borrowing.

Creditors

Creditors are individuals, businesses, or institutions to whom money is owed by debtors for goods, services, or loans provided.

Consideration

Consideration, an essential element of a valid contract, consists of the exchange of something valuable between parties, which compels them to enter into an agreement.