Suppose

question 7

Short Answer

Suppose $$\left\{ a _ { n } \right\} \text { is defined recursively by } a _ { n } = a _ { n - 1 } ^ { 2 } - 1 \text { and that } a _ { 0 } = 2 \text {. Find } a _ { 3 } \text { and } a _ { 4 } \text {. }$$

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Definitions:

Random Assignment

A method of assigning research participants to different groups using randomization, ensuring that each participant has an equal chance of being placed in any group.

Probability

The measure of the likelihood that an event will occur, expressed as a number between 0 and 1.

Spurious Relationships

An apparent but false relationship between two variables that is actually caused by a third variable.

Selection Bias

A distortion in the analysis resulting from the method of collection of data, where the sample is not representative of the population being studied.