Psychologists Have Found That People Are Generally Reluctant to Transmit $2 \times 2 = 4$

question 58

Essay

Psychologists have found that people are generally reluctant to transmit bad news to their peers. This phenomenon has been named the "MUM effect." To investigate the cause of the MUM effect, 40 undergraduates at a university participated in an experiment. Each subject was asked to administer an IQ test to another student and then provide the test taker with his or her percentile score. (Unknown to the subject, the test taker was a bogus student who
was working with the researchers.) The experimenters manipulated two factors, subject visibility and success of test taker, each at two levels. Subject visibility was either visible or not visible to the test taker. Success of test taker was either top 20% or bottom 20%. Ten subjects were randomly assigned to each of the 2 x 2 $2 \times 2 = 4$ 4 experimental conditions, then the time (in seconds) between the end of the test and the delivery of the percentile score from the subject to the test taker was measured. (This variable is called the latency to feedback.)
The data was subject to an analysis of variance, with the following results:

$$\begin{array} { l r c c c c } \text { Source } & \text { df } & \text { SS } & \text { MS } & \text { F } & \text { PR } > F \\\hline \text { Subject visibility } & 1 & 1380.24 & 1380.24 & 4.25 & 0.430 \\\text { Test taker success } & 1 & 1325.16 & 1325.16 & - 1371.89 & 0.05 \\\text { Visibility x success } & 1 & 3385.80 & 3385.80 & 10.45 & .002 \\\text { Error } & 36 & 11,664.00 & 324.00 & & \\\hline \text { Total } & 39 & 17,755.20 & & & \\\hline\end{array}$$ Is there evidence to indicate that subject visibility and test taker success interact? $\text { Use } \alpha = 01 .$

Distinguish between the political perspectives on welfare programs.

Identify factors contributing to rising inequality in the United States, including the role of technological change.

Describe the concept of a negative income tax and its purpose.

Understand principles guiding public support for economic policies, like the "veil of ignorance" and its ethical implications.

---

Definitions:

Cell Junctions

Specialized structures in cells that connect them to one another, enabling communication and the formation of tissue structures.

Cell Layers

Stacked tiers of cells that form tissues in organisms, each having specific functions and structures.

General Shape

A term referring to the basic geometric or visual form of an object.

Simple Squamous Epithelium

A single layer of flat cells lining surfaces involved in diffusion and filtration, such as blood vessels and air sacs of lungs.