Determine the Validity of the Following Argument $\begin{array} { l } \sim q \rightarrow p \\q \\\hline \therefore \sim p \end{array}$

question 42

Multiple Choice

Determine the validity of the following argument.
$\begin{array} { l } \sim q \rightarrow p \\q \\\hline \therefore \sim p \end{array}$

• A) Invalid
• B) Valid

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Definitions:

Conducting Elements

Components of the plant vascular system, such as xylem and phloem, that transport water, minerals, and nutrients throughout the plant.

Phloem

Phloem is the vascular tissue in plants responsible for the transport of sugars and nutrients from the leaves to other parts of the plant.

Sieve Tube Elements

Cells found in the phloem of vascular plants that facilitate the transport of sugars and other nutrients throughout the plant.

Lateral Meristems

Areas of localized cell division on the side of a plant that give rise to secondary tissues. Lateral meristems, including the vascular cambium and the cork cambium, cause an increase in the girth of the plant body. Compare with apical meristem.