Determine Whether the Following Argument Is Valid, Using the Given $$\begin{array} { l } \sim p \rightarrow q \\\sim q \\\hline \therefore p\end{array}$$

question 54

Multiple Choice

Determine whether the following argument is valid, using the given forms of valid arguments and fallacies.
$$\begin{array} { l } \sim p \rightarrow q \\\sim q \\\hline \therefore p\end{array}$$

• A) Valid
• B) Invalid

---

Definitions:

Formalization

The extent to which organizations standardize behavior through rules, procedures, protocols, and formal structures.

Vertical Differentiation

The structuring of an organization into levels of hierarchy, often to distinguish between varying degrees of authority and responsibility.

Empowerment

A process aimed at giving employees more autonomy, authority, and control over their work and decision-making to improve engagement and performance.

Supervision

The process of directing, monitoring, and overseeing the performance and productivity of employees in an organization.