Four Surgical Procedures Currently Are Used to Install Pacemakers $\quad$

question 371

Short Answer

Four surgical procedures currently are used to install pacemakers. If the patient does not need to return for follow-up surgery, the operation is called a "clear" operation. A heart center wants to
Compare the 4 procedures, and collects the following numbers of patients from their own records: $\quad$ $\quad$ $\quad$ $\quad$ $\quad$ $\quad$$\text { Procedure }$
$\begin{array}{l|cccc||c} & \text { A } & \text { B } & \text { C } & \text { D } & \text { Total } \\\hline \hline \text { Clear } & 27 & 41 & 21 & 7 & 96 \\\text { Return } & 11 & 15 & 9 & 11 & 46 \\\hline \hline \text { Total } & 38 & 56 & 30 & 18 & 142\end{array}$


Which of the following tests will be the most appropriate to find out which of the 4 procedures is the most effective?
a) $\chi ^ { 2 }$ test for difference in proportions.
b) $Z$ test for difference in proportions.
c) One-way ANOVA $F$ test for differences among more than two means
d) The Marascuilo procedure.

Recognize the role and impact of experimenter and participant biases in research.

Understand the importance of replication in scientific research.

Distinguish between different research methods and their applications.

Analyze data and understand measures of central tendency in research studies.

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Definitions:

Competent Care

The provision of effective, appropriate, and skilled nursing or medical services to patients by healthcare professionals.

Utilitarianism

A moral theory that suggests that the best action is the one that maximizes utility, usually defined as that which produces the greatest well-being of the greatest number of people.

Ethical Framework

A structured set of guidelines designed to help individuals and organizations make decisions that align with moral values and ethical principles.

Health Care System

An organization of people, institutions, and resources that deliver health care services to meet the health needs of target populations.