Examlex
Answer as requested.
-Which of the following is not a guideline for establishing causality?
Expectancy
The belief or anticipation that something will happen in the future, often influencing behavior towards achieving it.
Instrumentality
In motivation theory, the perceived relationship between performance and the attainment of certain outcomes, meaning one's belief that performing at a certain level will lead to desired rewards.
Valence
The intrinsic attractiveness or aversiveness of an event, object, or situation.
Alderfer's ERG Theory
A motivational theory proposed by Clayton Alderfer that categorizes human needs into three groups: Existence, Relatedness, and Growth, suggesting that more than one need may motivate at the same time.
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