Perform a Chi-Square Independence Test Using the Critical Value Approach

question 58

Essay

Perform a chi-square independence test using the critical value approach, provided the conditions for using the test aremet. Be sure to state the hypotheses and the significance level, to obtain the expected frequencies, to obtain the criticalvalue, to compute the value of the test statistic, and to state your conclusion.
-Tests for adverse reactions to a new drug yielded the results given in the table. At the 0.05 significance level, do the data provide sufficient evidence to conclude that an association exists between the treatment (drug or placebo)and the reaction (whether or not headaches were experienced)? $\begin{array} { r | r c } & \text { Drug } & \text { Placebo } \\ \hline \text { Headaches } & 11 & 7 \\ \text { No headaches } & 73 & 91 \end{array}$

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Definitions:

Operant Conditioning

An approach to learning where behaviors are influenced to be repeated or not through the administration of punishments and rewards.

Self-modification

The process of changing one's behavior or characteristics by oneself, often with the aim of improving personal well-being.

Systematically Reward

The process of providing rewards or reinforcements in a planned and consistent manner to encourage specific behavior.

Classical Conditioning

The method by which learning occurs by associating a stimulus that originates in the environment with a naturally existing one.