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Solve the problem.
-Let and . Write the following expression in terms of and without using the function .
Intervening Variables
Variables that act as a mediator between independent and dependent variables, explaining the relationship between them within a study.
Salivation
The production and release of saliva from glands in the mouth, often in response to the sight, smell, or taste of food.
Pavlov
Refers to Ivan Pavlov, a Russian physiologist known for his work in classical conditioning, particularly his experiments with dogs that led to the discovery of the conditioned reflex.
Conditioned Stimulus
A previously neutral stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response.
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