Psychologists Have Found That People Are Generally Reluctant to Transmit

question 68

Essay

Psychologists have found that people are generally reluctant to transmit bad news to their
peers. This phenomenon has been named the ʺMUM effect.ʺ To investigate the cause of the
MUM effect, 40 undergraduates at a university participated in an experiment. Each subject
was asked to administer an IQ test to another student and then provide the test taker with
his or her percentile score. (Unknown to the subject, the test taker was a bogus student
who was working with the researchers.)The experimenters manipulated two factors,
subject visibility and success of test taker, each at two levels. Subject visibility was either
visible or not visible to the test taker. Success of test taker was either top 20% or bottom
20%. Ten subjects were randomly assigned to each of the 2 x 2 = 4 experimental
conditions, then the time (in seconds)between the end of the test and the delivery of the
percentile score from the subject to the test taker was measured. (This variable is called the
latency to feedback.)The data was subject to an analysis of variance, with the following
results: $\begin{array}{lrrccc}\text { Source } & \text { df } & \text { SS } & \text { MS } & \text { F } & \text { PR > F } \\\hline \text { Subject visibility } & 1 & 1380.24 & 1380.24 & 4.25 & 0.430 \\\text { Test taker success } & 1 & 1325.16 & 1325.16 & -1371.89 & 0.05 \\\text { Visibility x success } & 1 & 3385.80 & 3385.80 & 10.45 & .002 \\\text { Error } & 36 & 11,664.00 & 324.00 & & \\\hline \text { Total } & 39 & 17,755.20 & & & \\\hline\end{array}$

Is there evidence to indicate that subject visibility and test taker success interact?
Use $\alpha = .01$ .

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Definitions:

Cognitive Flexibility

The mental ability to switch between thinking about two different concepts, or to think about multiple concepts simultaneously.

Overgeneralize

To apply a rule or conclusion too broadly without sufficient evidence or in inappropriate situations.

Grammatical Rules

Are the guidelines that govern how words and phrases are combined to form sentences in a language.

2- To 3-Year-Old

A developmental stage in early childhood characterized by rapid physical growth, cognitive development, and the emergence of linguistic skills.