The Costs Per Load (In Cents) of 47 Dish-Washing Detergents $\begin{array} { c c } \text { Class limits } & \text { Frequency } \\ 20 - 28 & 12 \\ 29 - 37 & 10 \\ 38 - 46 & 14 \\ 47 - 55 & 11 \end{array}$

question 17

Multiple Choice

The costs per load (in cents) of 47 dish-washing detergents tested by a consumer organization are shown here. Find the standard deviation of the sample.
$\begin{array} { c c } \text { Class limits } & \text { Frequency } \\ 20 - 28 & 12 \\ 29 - 37 & 10 \\ 38 - 46 & 14 \\ 47 - 55 & 11 \end{array}$

• A) 10.0
• B) 10.4
• C) 10.1
• D) 6.2

---

Definitions:

Negative Externality

A cost that affects a party who did not choose to incur that cost, often associated with production or consumption activities.

Opportunity Cost

The cost of foregoing the next best alternative when making a decision, representing the benefits that could have been received if a different decision were made.

External Cost

An external cost, or negative externality, refers to a cost that a transaction or activity imposes on parties who are not involved in the transaction, such as pollution affecting non-participants.

Positive Externality

A benefit that affects someone who did not choose to incur that benefit, often leading to an under-provision of a good or service.