Solve the Problem $\chi ^ { 2 }$ Values Can Be Approximated as Follows

question 26

Multiple Choice

Solve the problem. For large numbers of degrees of freedom, the critical $\chi ^ { 2 }$ values can be approximated as follows: $\chi ^ { 2 } = \frac { 1 } { 2 } ( z + \sqrt { 2 k - 1 } ) ^ { 2 }$ , where $\mathrm { k }$ is the number of degrees of freedom and $z$ is the critical value. To find the lower critical value, the negative $z$ -value is used, to find the upper critical value, the positive $z$ -value is used. Use this approximation to estimate the critical value of $\chi ^ { 2 }$ in a right-tailed hypothesis test with $n = 143$ and $\alpha = 0.01$ .

• A) \(\chi ^ { 2 } \approx 183.411\)
• B) \(\chi ^ { 2 } \approx 189.286\)
• C) \(\chi ^ { 2 } \approx 188.134\)
• D) \(\chi ^ { 2 } \approx 184.549\)

Distinguish between credible and non-credible sources of information.

Recognize the difference between appealing to emotion and making a logical argument.

Understand the concept of ad hominem fallacy and its impact on the credibility of an argument.

Understand the fallacy of appeal to authority and when an authority is not qualified.

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