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Like the MAC, a __________ accepts a variable size message M as input and produces a fixed size message digest H(M) as output.Unlike the MAC, it does not take a secret key as input.
Independent Variables
Factors in an experiment that are purposely manipulated or varied by the researcher to examine their effect on dependent variables.
Random Sample
A subset of individuals chosen from a larger set or population, where each individual has an equal chance of being selected.
Proportional Sample
A sampling method in statistical research where the sample size from each subgroup is proportional to the overall proportions of those subgroups in the total population.
Representative Sample
A segment of a population that accurately represents the attributes of the total population.
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