Show That the Relation $R = \{ ( x , y ) \mid x - y \text { is an integer } \}$

question 10

Essay

Show that the relation $R = \{ ( x , y ) \mid x - y \text { is an integer } \}$ is an equivalence relation on the set of rational numbers. What are the equivalence classes of 0 and 12 ?

Interpret economic data tables to assess the outcomes of different trade scenarios.

Explain the economic rationale behind exporting and importing goods.

Appreciate the role of opportunity costs in individual decision-making regarding resource allocation.

Understand the steps and importance of the planning process in achieving organizational objectives.

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Definitions:

Nonparametric Statistics

Distribution-free statistics that do not require the same assumptions as do parametric statistics.

Distribution-free

Refers to statistical methods that do not rely on assumptions about the specific distribution of the data.

Categories

Distinct groups or classes into which data or items can be divided based on shared characteristics or qualities.

Chi-square

A statistical test used to compare observed frequencies with expected frequencies for categorical variables to assess the likelihood of an association.