Simplify
- $$8 - \left( 4 - 9 \cdot 4 ^ { 3 } \right)$$

question 235

Multiple Choice

Simplify.
- $$8 - \left( 4 - 9 \cdot 4 ^ { 3 } \right)$$

• A) 46,660
• B) 580
• C) \(- 572\)
• D) \(- 564\)

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Definitions:

Quasi-experimental Designs

Research designs that attempt to establish a cause-and-effect relationship but lack random assignment to groups.

Random Assignment

Random assignment is a method used in experiments to assign participants or subjects to different groups in a way that is completely by chance, ensuring the groups are statistically similar in all respects at the start of the experiment.

Quasi-experimental Design

An empirical study used to estimate the causal impact of an intervention on target population without random assignment. It is a rephrased definition highlighting its purpose for estimating causal relations.

True Experiments

Experimental designs in which the researcher manipulates the independent variable to observe its effect on a dependent variable, with random assignment to control and experimental groups.