The Table Below Summarizes Results from an Experiment in Which

question 27

Multiple Choice

The table below summarizes results from an experiment in which subjects were classified as asthmatic or nonasthmatic and then given a treatment. After the treatment, they were again classified as asthmatic or nonasthmatic. Identify the
Discordant pairs of results.

• A) The discordant pairs of results are (1) the 13 subjects who were asthmatic before the treatment and nonasthmatic after the treatment, and (2) the 12 subjects who were nonasthmatic before the treatment and nonasthmatic after the treatment.
• B) The discordant pairs of results are (1) the 13 subjects who were nonasthmatic before the treatment and asthmatic after the treatment and (2) the 2 subjects who were asthmatic before the treatment and nonasthmatic after the treatment.
• C) The discordant pairs of results are (1) the 2 subjects who were nonasthmatic before the treatment and asthmatic after the treatment, and (2) the 7 subjects who were asthmatic before the treatment and asthmatic after the treatment.
• D) The discordant pairs of results are (1) the 2 subjects who were nonasthmatic before the treatment and asthmatic after the treatment, and (2) the 13 subjects who were asthmatic before the treatment and nonasthmatic after the treatment.

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Definitions:

Transactional Leadership

A style of leadership in which leaders promote compliance by followers through both rewards and punishments.

Participative Leadership

A leadership style where the leader involves team members in the decision-making process.

Achievement-oriented Leadership

A leadership style focused on setting challenging goals, emphasizing excellence, and demonstrating confidence in the abilities of followers.

Directive Leadership

A leadership approach where the leader furnishes instructions, sets goals, and expects compliance from team members.