Indicate the effect of each item on the ratios given below in the following manner: if an item would cause an increase in the ratio, place a check in the + column; if a decrease, place a check in - column; and if no change, check the 0 column. Each item is independent of the others. 
Definitions:
Internal Jugular Veins
Large veins located in the neck that carry blood from the head back to the heart.
Subclavian Veins
Major veins located under the clavicle (collarbone) responsible for draining blood from the upper extremities back to the heart.
Brachiocephalic Veins
Large veins that receive blood from the head, neck, and upper limbs and transport it back to the heart.
Great Saphenous Vein
The Great Saphenous Vein is the longest vein in the human body, running along the length of the lower limb.
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