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Planned aggregate expenditure in an economy is equal to:
Flat Structures
An organizational structure with few or no levels of middle management between staff and executives, promoting more direct communication.
Reducing Overhead Costs
Strategies aimed at decreasing the expenses not directly tied to the production of goods or services, such as rent, utilities, and administrative costs.
Spans of Control
The number of subordinates directly supervised by a manager, affecting the structure and efficiency of organizational communication and decision-making.
Adaptive Organization
An organization that is capable of adjusting its strategies, processes, and structures in response to environmental changes and new information.
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