If the Manipulation of an Independent Variable Inadvertently Manipulates a Second

question 22

Multiple Choice

If the manipulation of an independent variable inadvertently manipulates a second variable that is actually responsible for observed effects on a dependent variable, which of the following statements is true?

• A)The second variable should be included as a factor in the experimental design.
• B)The second variable is a threat to the study's internal validity.
• C)This is an example of extraneous manipulation.
• D)This is an example of confounding.
• E)Both (b)and (d).

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Definitions:

Free-Rider Problem

A situation in public goods where individuals benefit without contributing due to non-excludability.

Private Charity

Voluntary giving by individuals or organizations to those in need, without government intervention or assistance.

Government Intervention

Actions taken by a government to influence the economy beyond its basic functions, such as regulation, subsidies, and tax policies.

Taxes

Mandatory financial charges or levies imposed by a government on individuals or entities to fund public expenditures.