If the Manipulation of an Independent Variable Inadvertently Manipulates a Second

question 22

Multiple Choice

If the manipulation of an independent variable inadvertently manipulates a second variable that is actually responsible for observed effects on a dependent variable, which of the following statements is true?

• A)The second variable should be included as a factor in the experimental design.
• B)The second variable is a threat to the study's internal validity.
• C)This is an example of extraneous manipulation.
• D)This is an example of confounding.
• E)Both (b)and (d).