Foley and Her Colleagues (1999) Proposed That the Research on Self-Reference

question 1

Multiple Choice

Foley and her colleagues (1999) proposed that the research on self-reference may actually underestimate the magnitude of the self-reference effect. They reached this conclusion because

• A) participants typically process items at a shallow level of processing, even when they are instructed to use deep processing.
• B) the meta-analysis of the data on the self-reference effect demonstrates that this technique is not especially helpful.
• C) participants cannot really relate items to their own lives.
• D) the participants reported that they had often used self-reference processing, even when they had received other instructions.

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Definitions:

Water Table

The upper level of an underground surface in which the soil or rocks are permanently saturated with water, marking the boundary between groundwater and surface water.

Elevations

Refers to the heights of landforms relative to sea level or ground level.

Contour Lines

Lines on a map that represent areas of equal elevation, indicating the shape and steepness of the terrain.

Groundwater Flow

The movement of water through the subsurface, traversing porous soil or rock layers, primarily driven by gravity and pressure differences.