Oswald Spengler and Arnold Toynbee Suggested a Theory That Civilizations

question 31

Multiple Choice

Oswald Spengler and Arnold Toynbee suggested a theory that civilizations pass through:

• A) upward spirals of prosperity indefinitely.
• B) silver, bronze, and iron ages.
• C) changes that reflect inevitable progress.
• D) cycles of growth, climax, and decline.

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Definitions:

Operant Conditioning

The technique of modifying the degree of a behavior through the provision of rewards or the imposition of punishments.

Voluntary Behavior

Actions that are under conscious control, as opposed to automatic or reflexive behaviors.

Thorndike's Law

A principle of learning that emphasizes the effect of rewards and punishments on behavior, suggesting that actions followed by positive outcomes are reinforced and more likely to be repeated.

Pleasurable Consequence

A positive outcome or reward that follows a behavior, making it likely that the behavior will be repeated in the future.