Which Statement About the Association Between Harsh Physical Punishment and Children's

question 55

Multiple Choice

Which statement about the association between harsh physical punishment and children's externalizing problems is supported by recent research?

• A) Harsh physical punishment has a stronger effect on children's externalizing problems than vice versa.
• B) Children's externalizing problems have a stronger effect on harsh physical punishment than vice versa.
• C) The association is equally strong in both directions.
• D) The correlation between harsh physical punishment and children's externalizing problems is explained almost entirely by genetics.

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Definitions:

Signal-Detection Theory

A psychological theory that explains how individuals distinguish between informative signals and noise in the environment under conditions of uncertainty.

Trichromatic Theory

A theory of color vision that proposes three types of color receptor cells in the eye, each sensitive to red, blue, or green.

Opponent-Process Theory

A psychological and neurological model that explains how the perception of colors is controlled by the operation of opposing neural systems.

Frequency Theory

A theory in auditory perception that suggests the rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone, enabling us to detect its pitch.