In the Small Airways of the Lung, a Thin Layer

question 78

Multiple Choice

In the small airways of the lung, a thin layer of liquid is needed between the epithelial cells and the mucus layer in order for cilia to beat and move the mucus and trapped particles out of the lung. One hypothesis is that the volume of this airway surface liquid is regulated osmotically by transport of sodium and chloride ions across the epithelial cell membrane. How would the lack of a functional chloride channel in cystic fibrosis patients affect sodium ion transport and the volume of the airway surface liquid?

• A) Sodium ion transport will increase; higher osmotic potential will increase airway surface liquid volume.
• B) Sodium ion transport will increase; higher osmotic potential will decrease airway surface liquid volume.
• C) Sodium ion transport will decrease; lower osmotic potential will decrease airway surface liquid volume.
• D) Sodium ion transport will decrease; lower osmotic potential will increase the airway surface liquid volume.
• E) Sodium ion transport will be unaffected; lack of chloride transport still reduces osmotic potential and decreases the airway surface liquid volume.

Understand the Z problem-solving model, including the final step preferences.

Define cognitive style and its significance in the decision-making process.

Understand the impact of risk aversion on decision making.

Differentiate between various social decision schemes and their effects on group decisions.

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Definitions:

Fair Value Hedge

A hedge that is used to mitigate the risk of changes in the fair value of an asset or liability or an unidentified portion of such an asset or liability.

Fair Market Value

An estimate of the market value of a property, based on what a knowledgeable, willing, and unpressured buyer would likely pay to a knowledgeable, willing, and unpressured seller in the market.

Interest Rate Swap

A financial derivative contract whereby two parties exchange interest rate cash flows, often swapping a fixed rate for a floating rate, or vice versa, to manage exposure to interest rate fluctuations.

Fixed-rate Debt

A type of debt instrument where the interest rate remains constant throughout the life of the borrowing.