The Next Few Questions Refer to the Following Description

question 60

Multiple Choice

The next few questions refer to the following description.
On the volcanic, equatorial West African island of Sao Tomé, two species of fruit fly exist. Drosophila yakuba inhabits the island's lowlands, and is also found on the African mainland, located about 200 miles away. At higher elevations, and only on Sao Tomé, is found the very closely related Drosophila santomea. The two species can hybridize, though male hybrids are sterile. A hybrid zone exists at middle elevations, though hybrids there are greatly outnumbered by D. santomea. Studies of the two species' nuclear genomes reveal that D. yakuba on the island is more closely related to mainland D. yakuba than to D. santomea (2n = 4 in both species) . Sao Tomé rose from the Atlantic Ocean about 14 million years ago.
-The observation that island D. yakuba are more closely related to mainland D. yakuba than island D. yakuba are to D. santomea is best explained by proposing that D. santomea

• A) descended from a now-extinct, non-African fruit fly.
• B) arrived on the island before D. yakuba.
• C) descended from a single colony of D. yakuba, which had been introduced from elsewhere, with no subsequent colonization events.
• D) descended from an original colony of D. yakuba, of which there are no surviving members. The current island D. yakuba represent a second colonization event from elsewhere.

---

Definitions:

Light Sleep

A stage of sleep that is characterized by easy awakeness and is not as deep as REM or deep sleep stages.

Deep Sleep

A stage of sleep characterized by slow brain waves, known as delta waves, associated with physical renewal and memory consolidation.

Sleep Spindles

Burst of brain activity observable in an electroencephalogram (EEG) that occurs during stage 2 of sleep, associated with memory consolidation.

Stage 2 Sleep

The second phase in the sleep cycle, characterized by a deeper level of sleep than stage 1, with the presence of sleep spindles and K-complexes in the brain waves.