Though Relationships Between Income and Environmental Quality Are Not Inevitable

question 33

Multiple Choice

Though relationships between income and environmental quality are not inevitable, there are some general trends that have been revealed. Studies show that as a country's per capita income rises

• A) exposure to CO₂ emissions increase.
• B) exposure to municipal solid wastes increase.
• C) exposure to particulates and sulfur dioxide (SO₂) first increase and then decrease.
• D) All of the above.

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Definitions:

Construct Validity

The extent to which a test measures what it claims to be measuring, ensuring the accuracy of the theoretical concept it intends to reflect.

Internal Validity

The extent to which the results of a study are due to the manipulation of the independent variable and not other factors.

Causal Relationship

indicates a situation where one variable directly affects another variable, implying causation rather than just correlation.

Statistical Accuracy

The degree to which statistical estimates reflect the true value of the parameter being measured.