Please Read the Paragraph Below and Review Figure 53

question 44

Multiple Choice

Please read the paragraph below and review Figure 53.2 to answer the following question.
Researchers in the Netherlands studied the effects of parental care given in European kestrels over five years. The researchers transferred chicks among nests to produce reduced broods (three or four chicks) , normal broods (five or six chicks) , and enlarged broods (seven or eight chicks) . They then measured the percentage of male and female parent birds that survived the following winter. (Both males and females provide care for chicks.)

Figure 53.2: Brood size manipulations in the kestrel: Effects on offspring and parent survival.
-Which of the following is a conclusion that can be drawn from this graph?

• A) Female survivability is more negatively affected by larger brood size than is male survivability.
• B) Male survivability decreased by 50% between reduced and enlarged brood treatments.
• C) Both males and females had increases in daily hunting with the enlarged brood size.
• D) There appears to be a negative correlation between brood enlargements and parental survival.
• E) Chicks in reduced brood treatment received more food, weight gain, and reduced mortality.

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Definitions:

Negative Punishment

A decrease in behavior that results from a removed consequence.

Skinnerian Principles

Behavioral principles based on the work of B.F. Skinner, emphasizing the effects of reinforcement and punishment on behavior.

Aggressive Behavior

Actions meant to harm or intimidate others, driven by feelings of anger and hostility.

Negative Reinforcement

A behavioral principle where the removal of an undesirable or unpleasant outcome after the display of a behavior increases the likelihood of the behavior being repeated in the future.