A Survey of 250 High School Seniors Asked About Their

question 14

Multiple Choice

A survey of 250 high school seniors asked about their illegal drug use and their friends' illegal drug use in the past 6 months. They were then compared to the frequency of illegal drug use between students who had used illegal drugs and those whose friends had not used illegal drugs. The conclusion they reached was that drug use was, in part, due to the influence of peers. Which of the following statements is true?

• A) If the survey questions indicated the frequency with which the students and their peers took illegal drugs, we have achieved measurement validity.
• B) If the survey questions indicated the likelihood with which the students and their peers took illegal drugs, we have achieved causal validity.
• C) There is no way of knowing from these statements whether the results were generalizable.
• D) There is no way of knowing from these statements if they were causally valid.

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Definitions:

Pronation

The inward roll of the foot during normal motion, or the rotational movement of the forearm that turns the palm downward.

Dorsiflexion

The action of raising the foot upwards towards the shin, decreasing the angle between the dorsum of the foot and the leg.

Retraction

The process of drawing back or being drawn back, both in a physical and metaphorical sense.

Epiphyseal Plate

A growth plate in long bones where new bone tissue forms, enabling growth in length.