TABLE 11-9 Psychologists Have Found That People Are Generally Reluctant to Transmit

question 107

Multiple Choice

TABLE 11-9
Psychologists have found that people are generally reluctant to transmit bad news to their peers. This phenomenon has been termed the "MUM effect." To investigate the cause of the MUM effect, 40 undergraduates at Duke University participated in an experiment. Each subject was asked to administer an IQ test to another student and then provide the test taker with his or her percentile score. Unknown to the subject, the test taker was a bogus student who was working with the researchers. The experimenters manipulated two factors: subject visibility and success of test taker, each at two levels. Subject visibility was either visible or not visible to the test taker. Success of the test taker was either top 20% or bottom 20%. Ten subjects were randomly assigned to each of the 2 x 2 = 4 experimental conditions, then the time (in seconds) between the end of the test and the delivery of the percentile score from the subject to the test taker was measured. (This variable is called the latency to feedback.) The data were subjected to appropriate analyses with the following results.
Source df SS MS F PR > F
Subject visibility 1 1380.24 1380.24 4.26 0.043
Test taker success 1 1325.16 1325.16 4.09 0.050
Interaction 1 3385.80 3385.80 10.45 0.002
Error 36 11,664.00 324.00
Total 39 17,755.20
-Referring to Table 11-9, in the context of this study, interpret the statement: "Subject visibility and test taker success interact."

• A) The difference between the mean feedback time for visible and nonvisible subjects depends on the success of the test taker.
• B) The difference between the mean feedback time for test takers scoring in the top 20% and bottom 20% depends on the visibility of the subject.
• C) The relationship between feedback time and subject visibility depends on the success of the test taker.
• D) All of the above are correct interpretations.

Understand the significance of the Sherman Antitrust Act and other key legislative acts in shaping antitrust policy.

Analyze the impact of antitrust laws on market structure and firm behavior.

Recognize the role of the Herfindahl index in assessing market concentration and its implications for antitrust policy.

Understand the broader social goals of regulation, including safety, environmental protection, and discrimination prevention.

---

Definitions:

Republicans

A member or supporter of the Republican Party in the United States, traditionally advocating for conservative policies, limited government, and a market-oriented economy.

Populists

A political approach aiming to represent the interests and voices of ordinary people, often against the elite or established structures of power.

Jacob S. Coxey

An American politician, known for leading the "Coxey's Army" march on Washington D.C. in 1894 to advocate for unemployed workers and public infrastructure jobs.

Public Works Projects

Government-funded projects designed to build or improve public infrastructure such as roads, bridges, schools, and utilities, often to stimulate economic growth and employment.