If the Instrumental Variable Estimator Has an Upward Bias, the Ordinary

question 2

True/False

If the instrumental variable estimator has an upward bias, the ordinary least square estimator always has a downward bias.

---

Definitions:

Listening Comprehension

refers to the ability to understand the meaning and implications of auditory messages and spoken language.

Efficiency

The ability to achieve a goal or complete a task with minimum waste of time, effort, and resources.

15 Percent

A figure that typically represents a portion, fraction, or rate equating to fifteen out of every hundred or 15% of a total.

Meta-Communication

Communication about communication, which includes the underlying messages, context, and cues beyond the literal meaning of words.